Evolution of reading and writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evolution of reading and writing - Essay Example It is factual that ancient periods were characterized by people who had no knowledge regarding reading and writing. It was a state of utter ignorance where nobody ever pictured the development of the highly sophisticated forms of reading and writing. As such, the advancements realized today are a product of continuous and new developments that have lasted for more than a thousand years. The nature of reading and writing differs from one geographical location or society to the other. However, it is worth noting that there are some fundamental steps that have characterized all these developments. For instance, in the earlier days, convectional signs or pictures is what was used to express ideas. This however changed over time and was replaced by phonetic writing. Later development gave way to syllabic writing before alphabetic writing eventually took over (Schmandt-Besserat 43). The origin of writing and thus consequent evolution cannot be traced back to one particular place. Instead, historical studies indicate independent emergence of these skills in different regions of the world. Some studies suggest the Egyptians and Sumerians as the first people who developed the writing skills. Despite of the variability, the researchers noted that Sumerian writing depicted Egyptian influence and vice versa. This study further suggests the need to document their agricultural data as the drive behind this development. In addition, other factors such as need to annotate dealing in trade activities and government taxes were significant in influencing the development of reading and writing. The early records from Syria show the use of clay tokens which were shaped differently to represent agricultural products. In this case, each shape indicated different products and further marks were added to provide further means of distinguishing products of the same kind. This system went on for some long period before being replaced with three dimensional hollow balls. This also never l asted long as they were small and handier to use and so they were substituted with two-dimensional tablets at around 3100 BC curved to represent the products. This was also cumbersome since it required one to curve as many drawings as the number of products were (Martin 66). Further Advancement simplified the whole process by allowing individuals to only specify first the number and then indicate the object. This marked the inception of scribes who kept record of units inform of lines drawn using the stylus tip and tens by pressing the stylus bottom on a tablet. The shape of the product counted followed this. For instance in a case of 43 amphorae, one would indicate: OOOOIII followed by only one amphorae shape. This was another significant step forward and was made even better as new system allowed different signs to indicate goods and numbers (Schmandt-Besserat 34). In around 300BC another development in writing and reading skill realized the introduction of new sings that drifted from indicating the usual objects to indicate sound also called phonograms. This was a reaction to the growing need to solve the problem related to writing names of persons. Cuneiform derives its name from the idea that it used signs that were similar to small wedges. In this form of writing agricultural goods and domestic animals were drawn using conventional signs while wild animals drawing conformed to the distinctive characteristics of each animal. However, a problem

A Midsummer Nights Dream: Book Report :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is a Athenian comedy. Some of the characters are fairies, kings, queens, and even lower class people. It is apparent what time period this story is from, because of some of the things that Theseus, the duke of Athens, and Oberon, the king of the fairies, say in it. One of these such quotes from Theseus is, â€Å" Go, Master of Revels. Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments, awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, and all of Athens shall celebrate.† Yet another quote talking about the Athenians is spoken by Oberon, â€Å"A sweet Athenian lady is in love with a disdainful youth. You will know him by the Athenian garments that he wears.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story the lower class people are called mechanics. Before this story many people may have thought a mechanic could only be some who worked on cars for a living. Boy, were they ever wrong. The mechanics in this story are far to dumb to ever work on anything. They even manage to turn a Greek tragedy into a comedy, because of their lack of acting skills. One such character is Bottom, a line that he has to say is suppose to be serious and sad, but he turns it into something funny because of the way he says and acts it. â€Å" Thus die I, thus, thus, thus. Now I am dead. I die, die, die, die, die,† and yet he does not die for quite some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some changes that the characters made through out the play were quite interesting. Puck, a kind of evil fairy, plays a trick on his queen Tatania. He changes Bottom, a mechanical, into a donkey and makes Tatania fall in madly in love with him. After a little while he decides to let her see what she was actually in love with and she starts to scream. It’s quite amusing that a fairy could be so evil. In all the other stories that are ever read make fairies out to be nice things that grant wishes and such. Who would ever think that they would play crewel tricks on people like that. Puck also puts a type of love potion in the eyes of Lysander and Demetreuis to make them fall in love with Helena instead of Hermia. Which also a evil plan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was very interesting to read. There are some very interesting things to be learned from this book.

Amir’s Redemption Essay

It is fair to say Amir redeemed himself by demonstrating courage in the end of Khaled Hosseini’s controversial novel, The Kite Runner. Not all individuals possess courage and some develop this virtue at a later time in life. Courage is defined as the ability to do something that frightens one. That is precisely what Amir had done when he received a phone call from his old friend, Rahim Khan. He repented for the terrible things he had committed and decided it was time for him to make things right and â€Å"be good again. † He risked his new life and traveled to his treacherous homeland to make right of something he had done years ago. He vowed to fix his mistakes and by this act showed courage and redemption. Amir had betrayed his only friend Hassan in one of the most cruel and darkest ways. He witnessed something unspeakable and did not aid his friend nor did he make anyone aware of the situation. Yet Amir was a young boy at the time and young children can be ignorant in situations such as these. He had known what he saw was wrong and felt, at the least to say, heart wrenchingly guilty. He was painfully aware of his cowardness. â€Å"I ran because I was a coward. I ran because I was afraid of what Assef could do to me. I was afraid of getting hurt (The Kite Runner 140). † Almost thirty years later when Rahim Khan calls him with the opportunity to redeem himself, he takes it. He takes it because he has to fix the mistake he made with Hassan and realizes saving his now orphaned son, Sohrab, is the way to do it. He demonstrates newfound courage by traveling back to Afghanistan, a place he never wanted to see again. Although his homeland is now dangerous and swamped with evil Taliban, he is determined to rescue his nephew. Initially Amir travels to a run-down Afghan orphanage in hopes of finding Sohrab and releasing him to a couple who will take care of him. Upon arriving there he finds out his nephew has been taken by Taliban and he then goes to save him from his menacing, childhood bully, Assef. This truly courageous act shows how far Amir was willing to go for redemption. He was Kidder 2 beaten mercilessly and brutally by Assef to get Sohrab. In a way his redemption was also his retribution. As he was getting injured by Assef, Amir felt he was finally paying for all his sins and mistakes. â€Å"My body was broken-just how badly I wouldn’t find out until later-but I felt healed. Healed at last, I laughed (The Kite Runner 253). † Battling his demon and saving Sohrab was his most courageous act by far. Amir always considered Hassan his brother symbolically, having being â€Å"fed from the same breast. † When he found out Hassan was truly his brother by blood, he was in disbelief but accepted it. That is why he decided it was best he take Sohrab to live with him in America. In his heart he knew this courageous act would be his final step to redemption. He would never be able to fix what happened with Hassan but saving his son would save anymore tragedy from happening. It was difficult for Sohrab to transition from life of hardship in Afghanistan to life in America, the land of dreams. He was mute for two years and was judged harshly by General Tahiry. Amir stood up to the General and told him â€Å"You will never again refer to him as ‘Hazara boy’ in my presence. He has a name and it’s Sohrab (The Kite Runner 315). † This was courageous and honorable of him as he has always been intimidated by the General. The Kite Runner is a spectacular, well-written novel that conveys how an individual can develop the virtue of courage even much later in life. What the character of Amir had done was terribly wrong, but he fully atoned for his mistakes. Realizing the error of his ways, he went above and beyond to make things right. It took courage to travel to one’s forgotten hometown, the place where he went through hardship. It took a great deal of courage to bring his nephew to safety from Taliban. Amir suffered enough and showed enough courage to finally be redeemed from his sins.

Evaluating and Synthesizing Research Findings - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2646 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Tags: Justice Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In the study on the juvenile justice across the globe, the synthesis of the elements within the research is important for the reader to understand the information provided to him or her. Combination of the resources and the sources giving the research a nice report is known as the synthesize and combination of the information is the reason as to why the researcher has to acquire information for the study. On the issue of the literature review, some of the elements in the study are those findings in which the literature has to gather together and make them read correctly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluating and Synthesizing Research Findings" essay for you Create order The drawing together of the findings in a whole study and in literature is important since it makes one identify how the literature has to address the research question. The manner in which the sources, the methodology and all other elements of a research has to address the research question and in this situation is the juvenile justice is what all researchers call the synthesize of the research findings. The sources have to be of the highest quality and all gather together the information needed to make the research complete and successful. There is a given process in which the research findings have to cover in any study and this is the gathering of the literature and addressing the topic of discussion, the review of the literature, summary, description and analysis of the key concepts that are needed. Finally, synthesize is the aspect of drawing together a conclusion of the literature where a clear comparison and contrast of the information is given. Critically evaluating the lite rature review and the sources provided to back up the study is important and this is the reason as to why the given address is to make the juvenile justice question to be fully synthesized. Juvenile justice across the globe can be termed to be barely 100 years in their age and this is according to the credible sources the research has done. The juvenile justice has been evolving and having many transformations across the world to suit the juveniles been corrected. It began with the idea of handling the youths around a given country and transforms them after they have been caught in the offensive side of the arms of the law. This has changed around the world through the manner in which they perceive justice to the youthful offenders to making them be comparable with the adult criminal justice. The adults have their own justice systems that have been in conjunction with the juvenile justice since they all lie within the same justice lines. According to the sources, the juvenile justice system is currently seeking the idea of getting established within the society we live today. The juvenile justice system seems to be ending any time soon but the society is not letting it go but this is what it looks like in future. The sources given show some of the areas in which the justice system is changing around the globe with people having changing minds on the issue. The history of the juvenile justice system is very short compared to any other criminal justice system around the globe since it was started just the other day. Other sources show that the issue of deviance from youths in the society is a fact in the life we live today. People have organized the issue of societal interventions in order to cub these transgressions from the youthful offenders. This has gained momentum all across many of the societies in making sure that the youths are corrected within the juvenile justice systems. The sources on the juvenile justice systems are credible regarding the manner in which they were found and they are all peer reviewed. The information the peer reviewed sources give simply indicates the authenticity of the research on the juvenile justice systems. The manner in which the sources give information in regards to the topic of research simply shows the quality of the sources and the manner in which the readers can understand the whole issue. Juvenile justice at first brought the aspect of making sure that some of the youths are separated from the other due to their behaviors, expectations and the privileges the youths had towards the others. Other sources show the information in that some of the youths had to live according to the standards of the adults and this brought back the issue of juvenile justice systems. At some point, it is important for the researcher to use some of the scholarly articles within his or her reach to get the best sources in order to present qual ity information on a topic. This is the reason as to why these sources are termed to be quality compared to others since they give information that is accurate to the readers of the research. With the use of the google scholar, it is understood that all sources coming from this site are quality and can provide information worthwhile. The manner in which it looks for the sources is very simple and makes the sources to be the best with the information needed on juvenile justice. The purpose of the sources in the research is to give quality information ad this is the idea in which the research findings can be synthesized. Therefore, it is important for the sources to address the topic of research so that they can be of quality and authentic. Methodology and technique The methodology and the techniques used in the search of the sources is unique in a way that it gives the reader the information and accuracy of the information. The step by step analysis of the study and finding of the sources is a systematic way of offering a theoretical background on the information that is shared within the sources. This is important at any given time since it shows the accuracy of the shared information and the manner in which one can access the sources at any given time. The method of getting the sources also facilitates the knowledge and understanding of the applied practices that can be used in a given case. In this instance, it is for sure that the search techniques applied within the study of the juvenile justice across the globe can be used to dig out any other information needed for the case. This is important for the reader of the literature to understand the manner in which the information was collected at any given point and time. The given researcher has to be clear on some of the aspects needed in conducting the methods of research within a given case. There is the issue of the qualitative and the quantitative research techniques around the globe that include experiments, observations, surveys and the use of the secondary data to analyze a given situation. The qualitative methods in this juvenile justice case are the ones that are used in the gaining of an understanding for some reasons not stated. These are the opinions that are shared within a given situations and make it possible for the idea of research to shift the information giving reasons, opinions and insights in regards to the topic of discussion. The sources provided within the qualitative analysis of the research topic simply provide the insights to the problem and help in the making of other researches for future quantitative topics. The rationale in which the qualitative research methodology is being used in the research on this topic on juvenile justice simply shows the deeper angles this research can go. Journals, books and other scholarly articles are use in the support of the opinion formed from the qualitative research method. In many occasions, the qualitative research methodology has to go deep into the problem making it possible for the research to be authentic at all angles. There are the common methods in which the qualitative research methods have to cover like the issue of the group discussions among the members, participation and interviews and this is what makes the research gain more information for its accuracy and findings. The sources use this method in analyzing the situation and knowing how the juvenile justice system came into being and this is the best qualitative research that the topic can have. This leads to the issue of the data collection across the whole research that helps in creating a gap between the researcher and the reader. When using the qualitative analysis methodology in analyzing a situation, it is important to understand that a little size of the participants is needed in order to get the best information from the respondents. The selection of the respondents is important for all the researchers to gain all the information needed to pull through the given topic on juvenile justice. This is important at any given time since it shows the accuracy of the shared information and the manner in which one can access the sources at any given time. The method of getting the sources also facilitates the knowledge and understanding of the applied practices that can be used in a given case. The elaboration of the observations should be detailed and their results analyzed thr ough the issue of the qualitative methodology. Quantitative research also is another methodology that can be used in making of the identified problems in the manner in which the statistics are formed within the research question. This takes the count of the given thoughts, opinions and the citations of the given articles within the books. This makes the authors to be equipped with a lot of information so that the given research topic on the juvenile justice systems can be handled. A great amount of the sample collected within the quantitative research shows the patterns followed in the way of attaining the given information on the research topic. Data that can be measurable within the capacity of the quantitative analysis and the research and this is shown within the sources. The information needed from the sources is of high importance since it gives the research the methodology needed in the collection of the data for the juvenile justice. A good construction of the structure of the collection techniques is of great importance and is used within the quantitative methodology. This is opposed to the given qualitative data collection methods across the research and the study. This is important at any given time since it shows the accuracy of the shared information and the manner in which one can access the sources at any given time. The method of getting the sources also facilitates the knowledge and understanding of the applied practices that can be used in a given case. Therefore, quantitative and the qualitative analysis of the data within the information needed in the juvenile justice system across the globe is important and supplied by the authors. Overall Quality of the Articles In evaluation of the overall quality of the articles presented in this research, it is important to understand that the authors of the articles did a lot of work in collecting the information needed to cover the topic on juvenile justice. Some of the articles show the history of the juvenile justice from the time in which it was created to make sure that youthful offenders are corrected at any given time. On one side, the issue of the sampling of information from the respondents is allowed in the manner that the data collected on the topic is analyzed. In many occasions, the authors had the challenge of collecting the data for the topic and end up having to rely on the history of the juvenile justice across the globe. The authors also have the challenge in using the qualitative methodologies in sampling their data and information in connection to the topic needed. In this situation many of the articles are quality and can be used to authenticate the given information collected. The s hortcomings within which the authors find across the collection of the data is the manner in which they will use the information and portray their idea to the people. Some of the data collected can have some shortcomings and this have influence in the manner in which the authors interpret their findings. Findings in a research are important since they help the readers to understand the outcomes of the whole study and this makes the research to be complete. Without the findings section, the research is not complete at all and this gives effects to the authors who were conducting the research through the articles provided. It is therefore important to know that the sources and authors for each of the articles are quality and can be used in connection to the topic of study. Conclusion In synthesizing the findings for the juvenile justice research, these articles are of highest quality depending on the manner they have been acquired. The determination of this issue simply shows the perfect mode of collection of data that can be achieved within the research. The sources can inform any reader on the manner in which they have come up with the data collected within the research and this is the important thing for the articles across the topic of discussion. This is important at any given time since it shows the accuracy of the shared information and the manner in which one can access the sources at any given time. The method of getting the sources also facilitates the knowledge and understanding of the applied practices that can be used in a given case. In making the decisions on the data collected above, it is advisable for the sources to be of quality and making them transform the findings of the research to suit the topic. Any research findings are important for the study and the authors have done a great work in finding the research information on the juvenile justice systems across the globe. The interpretations of the authors in the research findings should linger with the information collected in the study and this is important in the conclusion of the research. Also, the issue of the potential sampling of the data is important since it shows the manner in which the authors have ensured the aspect of quality and ethical recruitment during the collection of the data at the research center. This is important at the findings since any form of wrong interpretation of the data can be taken the wrong way and this is not acceptable at any given point. in concluding this research synthesis, one has to note that the issue of the juvenile justice systems is discussed well within the research articles provided and it is advisable for the readers to have the best approach to the findings. This approach is needed for the authors to give the correct fin dings all over the globe and analyze the situation at hand on the juvenile justice. References Cooke, L. N., ProQuest Ebooks. (2015). Structure matters: Predicting juvenile justice system behavior (1st ed.). El Paso: LFB Scholarly Publishing. Decker, S. H., Marteache, N., ProQuest Ebooks. (2017;2016;). International handbook of juvenile j ustice (2;2nd;2nd 2017; ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45090-2 Bazemore, S. G., Schiff, M., ProQuest Ebooks. (2005;2013;). Juvenile justice reform and restorative justice: Building theory and policy from practice. Cullompton;Portland, Or;: Willan. Chvez-Garc? ­a, M., ProQuest Ebooks. (2012). States of delinquency: Race and science in the making of californias juvenile justice system (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/j.ctt1pnjwf Feld, B. C., Bishop, D. M., Oxford University Press. (2012). The oxford handbook of juvenile crime and juvenile justice. Oxford;New York;: Oxford University Press. Ramsay, N. A., Morrison, C. R., ProQuest Ebooks. (2010). Youth violence and juvenile justice: Causes, intervention and treatment programs. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Sherman, F. T., Jacobs, F. H., ProQuest Ebooks. (2011). Juvenile justice: Advancing research, policy, and practice (1. Aufl.;1; ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mody, S. (2008). Juvenile justice. Childhood Education, 85(2), 106.